20th century

German-born theoretical physicist whose work on relativity, the photoelectric effect, and mass-energy equivalence reshaped modern physics.

Polish-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity and was the first person to win Nobel Prizes in two scientific fields.

Bangladeshi economist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the concepts of microcredit and microfinance through Grameen Bank, lifting millions out of poverty.

South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and statesman who served as the country's first democratically elected president from 1994 to 1999.

Bengali polymath — poet, writer, painter, and composer — who reshaped Bengali literature and music, and became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.